Topic: Information Sources on Meterology and Weather

[Astronuc]

http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary

For example, one can find Derecho in the glossary.

derecho - widespread convectively induced straight-line windstorm.
 
Specifically, the term is defined as any family of downburst clusters produced by an extratropical mesoscale convective system. Derechos may or may not be accompanied by tornadoes. Such events were first recognized in the Corn Belt region of the United States, but have since been observed in many other areas of the midlatitudes.

          Johns, R. H., and W. O. Hirt, 1987: Derechos: Widespread convectively induced windstorms. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 3249.

[Astronuc]

National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service

NESDIS provides timely access to global environmental data from satellites and other sources to promote, protect, & enhance the Nation's economy, security, environment, & quality of life.

http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/

[Astronuc]

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce. ( http://www.noaa.gov/index.html )

US National Weather Service - Climate Prediction Center - http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/

Depicting the Impacts of El Niño and La Niña
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/elnino/elnino.html

NOAA/ NWS - National Hurricane Center/Tropical Prediction Center
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/

Sea Surface Temperature analysis - http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsst.shtml
A real-time global sea surface temperature (SST) analysis has been developed by Richard Reynolds from the Environmental Modeling Center of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).

NOAA/ National Weather Service
National Centers for Environmental Prediction
Ocean Prediction Center
Unified Surface Analysis  - http://www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov/UA.shtml

[Astronuc]

Colorado State University
Department of Atmospheric Science - Fort Collins, Colorado
http://www.atmos.colostate.edu/

Tropical Meteorology Project
http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/ or http://typhoon.atmos.colostate.edu/
http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts

Colorado Climate Center
http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/

[Astronuc]

The Satellite Services Division (SSD)

http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/

The Satellite Services Division serves as the primary interface with the user community of environmental satellite data and products. The Division provides, analyses, blended products from polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, and interpretive services. These satellite products are distributed to a diverse user community for a broad range of environmental applications. The Division maintains an operational satellite data distribution network providing user access to real-time or near real-time environmental data and information. A quality assurance program is used to systematically evaluate and manage the satellite products and services, and to ensure continuous product improvement. Working with other organizations within NESDIS and NOAA, new products are tested, evaluated, and implemented when deemed operationally useful. In partnership with other agencies, the Division evaluates and deploys new technologies to satisfy emerging requirements

[Astronuc]

Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)

https://metoc.npmoc.navy.mil/

Located at Naval Base Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is the U. S. Department of Defense agency responsible for issuing tropical cyclone warnings for the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Official JTWC support is provided to all branches of the U. S. Department of Defense, and other U. S. government departments and their agencies such as the State Department (U.S Embassies and Consulates), and the Department of Commerce (U. S. National Weather Service). JTWC products are intended for use by operational units in making decisions on ship movements, aircraft sorties and operational planning and by other government agencies in their respective support and international cooperation roles.

As an example, the U. S. National Weather Service, in close cooperation with JTWC, utilizes JTWC tropical cyclone warnings to provide local scale forecasts for the various political entities that exist in the geographical region known as Micronesia.


Although not an official member or participant in the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO), JTWC continually attempts to maintain cordial relations with WMO tropical cyclone forecast centers to minimize the issuance of conflicting information.

JTWC tropical cyclone warning support is conducted on a 365 days/year, 24 hours/day basis. JTWC monitors, analyzes, and forecasts tropical cyclone genesis, development, and movement across more than 100 million square miles of the Pacific and Indian Oceans from the west coast of the Americas to the east coast of Africa. This area of responsibility encompasses more than 90% of the world’s tropical cyclone activity.

Manned by 32 US. Air Force and Navy personnel, JTWC uses a vast array of data sources and computational resources in fulfillment of the stated mission. These sources include numerous meteorological satellite systems and sensors, radar data, surface and upper level synoptic data and numerical atmospheric models.

JTWC was established in 1959, and for the first 40 years was located at Nimitz Hill, Guam. Due to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) legislation of 1995, JTWC moved from Guam to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 01 Jan 1999.

 



Satellite imagery of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and weather.

http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/cgi-bin/main.pl?pearl+sat

[Astronuc]

Earth Observatory - NASA - Atmosphere

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Topics/atmosphere.html

 :koala

[Astronuc]

http://www.met-office.gov.uk/satpics/latest_VIS.html

 :koala

[Astronuc]

Not so much meterological information, but physical constants and properties related to air

http://www.silcom.com/~aludwig/Physics/UNITS.html

[Astronuc]

Those who are involved in modeling of atmospheres might find this useful.

Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling

Contents  8)

1   Introduction 1
   1.1  Brief history of meteorological sciences 1
   1.2  Brief history of air-pollution science 5
   1.3  The merging of air-pollution and meteorological sciences 6
   1.4  Weather, climate, and air pollution 6
   1.5  Scales of motion 8
   1.6  Atmospheric processes 8
2   Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics 12
   2.1  Pressure, density, and composition 12
   2.2  Temperature structure 18
   2.3  Equation of state 28
   2.4  Changes of pressure with altitude 34
   2.5  Water in the atmosphere 37
   2.6  First law of thermodynamics 47
   2.7  Summary 57
   2.8  Problems 58
   2.9  Computer programming practice 60
3   The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations 61
   3.1  Definitions 61
   3.2  Continuity equations 65
   3.3  Expanded continuity equations 68
   3.4  Thermodynamic energy equation 78
   3.5  Summary 80
   3.6  Problems 80
   3.7  Computer programming practice 81
4   The momentum equation in Cartesian and spherical coordinates 82
   4.1  Horizontal coordinate systems 82
   4.2  Newton’s second law of motion 87
   4.3  Applications of the momentum equation 111
   4.4  Summary 135
   4.5  Problems 136
   4.6  Computer programming practice 137
5   Vertical-coordinate conversions 138
   5.1  Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models 138
   5.2  Altitude coordinate 143
   5.3  Pressure coordinate 143
   5.4  Sigma-pressure coordinate 151
   5.5  Sigma-altitude coordinate 160
   5.6  Summary 167
   5.7  Problems 167
   5.8  Computer programming practice 168
6   Numerical solutions to partial differential equations 169
   6.1  Ordinary and partial differential equations 169
   6.2  Operator splitting 170
   6.3  Advection–diffusion equations 171
   6.4  Finite-difference approximations 172
   6.5  Series expansion methods 192
   6.6  Finite-volume methods 199
   6.7  Advection schemes used in air-quality models 199
   6.8  Summary 202
   6.9  Problems 202
   6.10  Computer programming practice 203
7   Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics 204
   7.1  Vertical model grid 204
   7.2  The continuity equation for air 208
   7.3  The species continuity equation 211
   7.4  The thermodynamic energy equation 213
   7.5  The horizontal momentum equations 214
   7.6  The hydrostatic equation 221
   7.7  Order of calculations 222
   7.8  Time-stepping schemes 222
   7.9  Summary 224
   7.10  Problems 224
   7.11  Computer programming practice 225
   7.12  Modeling project 225
8   Boundary-layer and surface processes 228
   8.1  Turbulent fluxes of momentum, energy, and moisture 228
   8.2  Friction wind speed 230
   8.3  Surface roughness lengths 231
   8.4  Parameterizations of kinematic turbulent fluxes 235
   8.5  Eddy diffusion above the surface layer 250
   8.6  Ground surface temperature and soil moisture 254
   8.7  Summary 271
   8.8  Problems 271
   8.9  Computer programming practice 272
9   Radiative energy transfer 273
   9.1  Energy transfer processes 273
   9.2  Electromagnetic spectrum 275
   9.3  Light processes 283
   9.4  Absorption and scattering by gases and particles 290
   9.5  Visibility 313
   9.6  Optical depth 316
   9.7  Solar zenith angle 317
   9.8  The radiative transfer equation 320
   9.9  Summary 334
   9.10  Problems 334
   9.11  Computer programming practice 335
10   Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates 336
   10.1  Atmospheric gases and their molecular structures 336
   10.2  Chemical reactions and photoprocesses 342
   10.3  Reaction rates 344
   10.4  Reaction rate coefficients 346
   10.5  Sets of reactions 351
   10.6  Stiff systems 353
   10.7  Summary 355
   10.8  Problems 355
   10.9  Computer programming practice 356
11   Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry 357
   11.1  Free-tropospheric photochemistry 357
   11.2  Urban photochemistry 375
   11.3  Stratospheric photochemistry 393
   11.4  Summary 415
   11.5  Problems 416
   11.6  Computer programming practice 417
12   Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations 418
   12.1  Characteristics of chemical ODEs 418
   12.2  Analytical solutions to ODEs 421
   12.3  Taylor series solution to ODEs 421
   12.4  Forward Euler solution to ODEs 422
   12.5  Backward Euler solution to ODEs 424
   12.6  Simple exponential and quasi-steady-state solutions to ODEs 426
   12.7  Multistep implicit–explicit (MIE) solution to ODEs 427
   12.8  Gear’s solution to ODEs 432
   12.9  Family solution to ODEs 439
   12.10  Summary 442
   12.11  Problems 442
   12.12  Computer programming practice 443
   12.13  Modeling project 444
13   Particle components, size distributions, and size structures 446
   13.1  Introduction to particles 446
   13.2  Aerosol, fog, and cloud composition 447
   13.3  Discrete size distributions 449
   13.4  Continuous size distributions 454
   13.5  Evolution of size distributions over time 462
   13.6  Summary 467
   13.7  Problems 468
   13.8  Computer programming practice 468
14   Aerosol emission and nucleation 470
   14.1  Aerosol emission 470
   14.2  Nucleation 484
   14.3  Summary 492
   14.4  Problems 493
   14.5  Computer programming practice 493
15   Coagulation 494
   15.1  Implicit coagulation 494
   15.2  Semiimplicit Coagulation 496
   15.3  Comparison with analytical solutions 498
   15.4  Coagulation among multiple particle distributions 500
   15.5  Particle flow regimes 505
   15.6  Coagulation kernel 508
   15.7  Summary 522
   15.8  Problems 523
   15.9  Computer programming practice 523
16   Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation 525
   16.1  Fluxes to and from a single drop 525
   16.2  Corrections to growth parameters 528
   16.3  Fluxes to a particle with multiple components 540
   16.4  Fluxes to a population of particles 540
   16.5  Solutions to growth equations 542
   16.6  Solving homogeneous nucleation with condensation 545
   16.7  Effects of condensation on coagulation 547
   16.8  Ice crystal growth 548
   16.9  Summary 550
   16.10  Problems 550
   16.11  Computer programming practice 551
17   Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes 553
   17.1  Definitions 553
   17.2  Equilibrium reactions 554
   17.3  Equilibrium relation and coefficients 558
   17.4  Forms of equilibrium-coefficient equations 562
   17.5  Mean binary solute activity coefficients 565
   17.6  Temperature dependence of binary solute activity coefficients 567
   17.7  Mean mixed solute activity coefficients 568
   17.8  The water equation 570
   17.9  Solid formation and deliquescence relative humidity 574
   17.10  Example equilibrium problem 575
   17.11  Mass-flux iteration method 577
   17.12  Analytical equilibrium iteration method 579
   17.13  Equilibrium solver results 582
   17.14  Nonequilibrium between gases and particles 583
   17.15  Summary 594
   17.16  Problems 596
   17.17  Computer programming practice 596
18   Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics 598
   18.1  Fog and cloud types and formation mechanisms 598
   18.2  Moist adiabatic and pseudoadiabatic processes 602
   18.3  Cloud development by free convection 606
   18.4  Entrainment 608
   18.5  Vertical momentum equation in a cloud 610
   18.6  Convective available potential energy 612
   18.7  Cumulus parameterizations 612
   18.8  Cloud microphysics 614
   18.9  Summary 642
   18.10  Problems 643
   18.11  Computer programming practice 643
19   Irreversible aqueous chemistry 645
   19.1  Significance of aqueous chemical reactions 645
   19.2  Mechanisms of converting S(?) to S(?) 646
   19.3  Diffusion within a drop 652
   19.4  Solving growth and aqueous chemical ODEs 654
   19.5  Summary 659
   19.6  Problems 659
   19.7  Computer programming practice 660
20   Sedimentation, dry deposition, and air–sea exchange 661
   20.1  Sedimentation 661
   20.2  Dry deposition 665
   20.3  Dry deposition and sedimentation calculations 670
   20.4  Air–sea flux of carbon dioxide and other gases 672
   20.5  Summary 679
   20.6  Problems 679
   20.7  Computer programming practice 679
21   Model design, application, and testing 681
   21.1  Steps in model formulation 681
   21.2  Example model simulations 700
   21.3  Summary 707
   21.4  Problems 707
   21.5  Computer programming practice 707
    Appendix A Conversions and constants 709
   A.1  Distance conversions 709
   A.2  Volume conversions 709
   A.3  Mass conversions 709
   A.4  Temperature conversions 710
   A.5  Force conversions 710
   A.6  Pressure conversions 710
   A.7  Energy conversions 710
   A.8  Power conversions 710
   A.9  Speed conversions 710
   A.10  Constants 711
    Appendix B Tables 714
   B.1  Standard atmospheric variables versus altitude 714
   B.2  Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere 715
   B.3  Chemical symbols and structures of gases 716
   B.4  Gas-phase reactions 728
   B.5  Chemicals involved in equilibrium and aqueous reactions 738
   B.6  Thermodynamic data 740
   B.7  Equilibrium reactions and rate coefficients 741
   B.8  Irreversible aqueous reactions 743
   B.9  Solute activity coefficient data 746
   B.10  Water activity data 748
   B.11  Surface resistance data 749
   B.12  More surface resistance data 751
References 752
Index 784

 :koala  not included

[Yevaud]

Holy Moley!

That was one of my College Texts.  I still own it...it's sitting on one of my bookshelves as we speak.

[Astronuc]

Properties of air and a brief discussion of GW.

http://www.uigi.com/air.html

http://www.uigi.com/psychrometry.html