Topic: Who is Boltzmann, Coulomb, and Avogadro?

[Garry Denke]

According to Max Planck :
 
Planck's seven (7) primary universal base unit values
1) Planck intensity : (bar-hG/c^5)^1/2/sr = 7.8672231(80) x 10^-46 cd
2) Planck time : (bar-hG/c^5)^1/2 = 5.3904639(43) x 10^-44 s
3) Planck length : (bar-hG/c^3)^1/2 = 1.6160204(35) x 10^-35 m
4) Planck substance : (bar-hc/G)^1/2/M = 6.6245916(02) x 10^-28 kmol
5) Planck mass : (bar-hc/G)^1/2 = 2.1767500(08) x 10^-8 kg
6) Planck current : e/(bar-hG/c^5)^1/2 = 2.9722423(67) x 10^24 A
7) Planck temperature : (bar-hc^5/G)^1/2/k = 1.4169882(01) x 10^32 K
 
According to Albert Einstein :
 
Einstein's seven (7) primary universal base unit values
1) Einstein intensity : (hG/c^5)^1/2/sr = 1.9720204(06) x 10^-45 cd
2) Einstein time : (hG/c^5)^1/2 = 1.3511889(33) x 10^-43 s
3) Einstein length : (hG/c^3)^1/2 = 4.0507625(15) x 10^-35 m
4) Einstein substance : (hc/G)^1/2/M = 1.6605388(62) x 10^-27 kmol
5) Einstein mass : (hc/G)^1/2 = 5.4563031(18) x 10^-8 kg
6) Einstein current : e/(hG/c^5)^1/2 = 1.1857531(48) x 10^24 A
7) Einstein temperature : (hc^5/G)^1/2/k = 3.5518626(92) x 10^32 K
 
According to Planck & Einstein :
 
Planck & Einstein's two (2) primary universal base angles
1) Einstein relative permeability : steradian = 6.8517999(55) x 10^1 sr
2) Planck inverse fine-structure : radian = 1.3703599(91) x 10^2 rad
 
According to Einstein & Planck :

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/
Planck h/2pi : bar-h = 1.0545716(84) x 10^-34 kg-m^2/s
Planck constant : h = 6.6260693(11) x 10^-34 kg-m^2/s
Boltzmann constant : k = 1.3806504(11) x 10^-23 kg-m^2/s^2-K
Coulomb elementary charge : e = 1.6021765(31) x 10^-19 A-s
Newton constant : G = 6.6723635(22) x 10^-11 m^3/kg-s^2
Einstein relative permeability : steradian = 6.8517999(55) x 10^1 sr
Einstein speed of light in vacuum : c = 2.99792458 x 10^8 m/s
Avogadro molar mass : M = 3.2858629(47) x 10^19 kg/kmol

Question #1 : Who is Ludwig Boltzmann?
Question #2 : Who is Charles Coulomb?
Question #3 : Who is Amadeo Avogadro?

Thanks for helping,
 
Garry Denke

[Astronuc]

Garry, welcome to Everything-Science.

Since you already know the names, you could use google to locate articles on the scientists you mentioned.  Here are some comments about the scientists and their notable contributions.  Wikipedia ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ) is usually a good reference for famous people.

Ludwig Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 -  September 5, 1906): Austrian physicist who is given credit for inventing statistical mechanics, which is the application of statistics, (i.e. mathematical analysis methods for dealing with large populations) to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force.

http://www.mrs.umn.edu/~sungurea/introstat/history/w98/Boltzmann.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann
http://physicalworld.org/restless_universe/html/ru_bolt.html
http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9710007


Charles Augustin de Coulomb (June 14, 1736 - Aug 23 1806): French physicist and military engineer, who used his expertise with machines to build an apparatus to measure the electrical force between two charged objects.  He derived a law, Coulomb's Law, which gives the relationship between charges, their separation and the electrical force of attraction or repulsion. In his honor, the SI (MKS) unit for charge is Coulomb.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Coulomb.html
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/CoulombBio.htm - contribution to understanding corrosion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb


Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, or just Amadeo Avogadro (June 9, 1776 - July 9, 1856): Italian physicist, who developed what is now called Avogadro's Law (then Hypothesis) that "equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature contain the same number of molecules" in 1811.  It was only 50 years later at the Karlsruhre Congress (1861) that Cannizzaro was able to get large scale agreement about the usefulness of Avogadro's Hypothesis. In 1865, Johann Joseph Loschmidt (1821-1895) calculated the value of the Avogadro Number for the first time and it was initially called the Loschmidt Number.

http://onsager.bd.psu.edu/~jircitano/avogadro.html - simple bio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/avogadro.html

The work of Avogadro and Boltzmann are complimentary since statistical thermodynamics is used to understand the thermodynamic behavior of gases.